The Centre for Policy and Development (CTPD) has reviewed recent policy reforms in Zambia’s artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector, noting both significant progress and persistent structural challenges that require urgent attention. Historically, Zambia’s ASM sector has been characterized by widespread illegal mining, mineral smuggling, environmental degradation, unsafe working conditions, and limited contribution to public revenue. These challenges have persisted since the 1980s, with recurring episodes of illegal mining across the country, including recent activities in Kitwe, Mufumbwe, Rufunsa, Mumbwa, and Chingola. In response, Government has undertaken important policy reforms aimed at formalizing and strengthening the sector. Notably, the enactment of the Mines and Minerals Regulations Commission Act of 2024 represents a key institutional milestone. The Act seeks to enhance regulatory oversight, improve service delivery, and curb illegal mining and tax evasion. However, CTPD emphasizes that achieving these objectives will require significantly increased budgetary allocations to match the growing scale and complexity of mining activities.